Ftv 106a Essay - 9564 Words

FTV 106A – Midterm Study Guide TA: Matthew Perkins 1A IDs – People to Know: †¢ Eadweard Muybridge (1830 – 1904) o Born in Britain, emigrated to US early in life, by the 1870s had become a very prominent photographer, mostly photographed nature and animals; very well known o 1872 – Leland Stanford (one of the richest in the state) questions whether or not a horse has all its feet off the ground when it gallops, hired Muybridge to take pictures of racehorses and prove or disprove this o 1877 – Muybridge built special track with a camera house with 12 electrically operated cameras, and a marked fence along the track to give precise measurements of a horse’s position in each shot → each camera fitted with an electromagnetic shutter that†¦show more content†¦Biograph ï‚ § Biograph had its own camera so it could survive—in 1901 Edison sued them for patent infringement and won his case, but it was then appealed ï‚ § Edison reapplied for new patent, but kept losing ï‚ § Biograph was not in a financial position to survive if Edison took his case all the way to the Supreme Court—even when he was wrong, he was too powerful to lose †¢ W.K.L. Dickson (1860 – 1935) o First hired by Edison to create a machine that would project motion pictures o beginning June 1889 to work on the motion picture camera; 35 mm film (Edison gives him plastic film) o Dec 1895: Dickson created his own motion picture company without Edison (furious)—called the American Biograph Company = Edison threatens to sue due to patents so Dickson is forced to make his film company as different from Edison’s as possible o Used 70 mm film (higher quality) which was larger than the film he used at Edison—â€Å"large film showing large pictures† o He also used a mutoscope film viewer which was based off of a flip book (more durable product—cards fan in front of you to create the illusion of movement) ï‚ § 1892-1901: filmed at the Black Maria (1st movie studio in NJ, shack-like); but

Shallow Foundation Free Essays

Shallow foundations Shallow foundations are those founded near to the finished ground surface; generally where the founding depth (Df) is less than the width of the footing and less than 3m. These are not strict rules, but merely guidelines: basically, if surface loading or other surface conditions will affect the bearing capacity of a foundation it is ‘shallow’. Shallow foundations (sometimes called ‘spread footings’) include pads (‘isolated footings’), strip footings and rafts. We will write a custom essay sample on Shallow Foundation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shallows foundations are used when surface soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed loads; they are generally unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils, such as poorly-compacted fill, peat, recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits, etc. Pad foundations Pad foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column. They may be circular, square or reactangular. They usually consist of a block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be stepped or haunched if they are required to spread the load from a heavy column. Pad foundations are usually shallow, but deep pad foundations can also be used. Strip foundations Strip foundations are used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be inappropriate. The main area of strip foundation are buildings with heavy walls (brick, concrete, stone), and heavy floor slabs. Strip foundation is located on the perimeter exterior walls, and placed under the supporting inner walls of buildings or other areas with increased load. Also strip foundation is well-suited for homes, which is planned to create basement, garage or basement. Strip foundation is also suitable in the case of a possible slight deformation of the base. Typically, strip footing located below the level of soil freezing at 20 cm of sandy soil You can lay the strip foundation and higher levels of freezing, but not more than 60 cm from ground level. For deep-freezing and highly swelling soils usually strip foundation shall not apply. Process itself strip foundation construction is simple, on the other hand it requires a fairly high cost of materials and work on the construction of the foundation. There are criteria for the minimum thickness of the foundation, which can be used building a house. Thus, the minimum thickness of reinforced concrete strip foundation – 10 cm of concrete – 25 cm, rubble concrete foundation – 35 cm, well and laying of natural stone – 50 cm in the construction of strip foundation to be also take into account the permissible load on the soil under the foundation. For clay soils at a depth of 80 cm load should not exceed 2 kg/cm2. In addition to pouring the foundation concrete mixtures, often strip foundations erected using ready-made foundation blocks or bricks. This speeds up the process of building a foundation. It should also be noted that during the construction of strip foundation is an opportunity to save money raising the foundation to the full depth only during the construction of heavy structures. There is still the most reliable option strip foundation remains solid foundation, more time-consuming and requires prior creating formwork and reinforcement training design to increase strength strip foundation. And in this case, the valves must be connected to each other by welding. Raft foundations Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation. Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area. Deep foundations * Piles Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths 3 m below finished ground level. They include piles, piers and caissons or compensated foundations using deep basements and also deep pad or strip foundations. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface. Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of shallow foundations. In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces. Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed insitu in a deep excavation. Caissons are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the caisson. Compensated foundations are deep foundations in which the relief of stress due to excavation is approximately balanced by the applied stress due to the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore very small. A compensated foundation normally comprises a deep basement. Types of pile Piles are often used because adequate bearing capacity can not be found at shallow enough depths to support the structural loads. It is important to understand that piles get support from both end bearing and skin friction. The proportion of carrying capacity generated by either end bearing or skin friction depends on the soil conditions. Piles can be used to support various different types of structural loads. End bearing piles End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile. Friction piles Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived partly from end bearing and partly from skin friction between the embedded surface of the soil and the surrounding soil. How to cite Shallow Foundation, Papers

Introduction to Management for CSL Limited - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to Management for CSL Limited. Answer: Introduction Managing a business is an utter challenge for the irrespective kids of organizations across the globe. This is because of the fact that it takes many a strategies formation for successfully running the business and maintaining the earned reputation. This particular assignment is about the CSL Limited Company in Australia, which is one of the leading solutions globally for the numerous kinds of researches, developments, manufacturing of required elements to treat the critical medical conditions of patients. The wide range of its products includes such as blood plasma derivatives, antivenom, vaccines etc. The main purpose of this assignment is to check the business strategies of CSL Company. Moreover, this would also conduct an environmental analysis of the industry. Development and Growth of the Company A century ago, the company started its journey with a mission to protect the health of the entire nation. After the passage of so many years, the company is well standing on its committed position. The company is a global success in terms of its specialities. Numerous factors have contributed in the highly incremented success of the company. Those factors are but not limited to such as operational excellence, innovative ideas in the field of research development and the strategic partnership relations with different companies have all contributed in the highly incremented success of the company. Their business strategies have enabled them in reaching to the global customers. The Melbourne based company have experienced an almost tripling in its shares in the last five years. This is by any mean a commendable and remarkable performance (Mooney 2012). Nevertheless, the MA strategy of the company have enabled it in reaching to the global platform with a sound success. The tripling of t he shares is because of the acquisition, which the company has done by acquiring the Aventis Behring business of blood products from Frances Sanofi. The company is also heading towards the potential market such as China; however, the country is itself not very much aware of the technologies, which is better for the serious health problems that have existed in China. It is indeed very difficult to sell the plasma therapies kin such country; however, the government has started recognizing the requirements of such product in the country. Nevertheless, the CEO of the company believes that MA is part of our strategy, which adds value to their business (Csl.com.au, 2017). Criticism for Past two Instances the Outcomes In the past times, the highly competitive company has to face some criticism on different instances. The first of its kinds appeared in the year 2011 when the United States of Americas Food and Drug Administration (FDA) did issue a letter of warning to the CSL Limited against the identified deficiencies in the March audit. They issued warning and asked for the clarification on the identified deficiencies in the audit. They also threatened to cancel the license of operation of the CSL Limited if they fail to revert to the notice. The problem was identified after the adverse febrile reactions that have occurred to a child in the year 2010. FDA worked closely with TGA to find out the possible causes behind the reaction; however, so far, they have not succeeded in achieving the utmost results. The work is still going; which is why no serious actions and its validations could have imposed against the CSL Limited Company. The second instances of criticism did occur when the TGA did send commonwealth police to seize all the record stating the dealing of CSL with the polio vaccine. The CSL Company did receive the report after detecting the presence of SV40 DNA in mesothelioma tumours. The CSL Company did receive the notification from TGA in the year 1990; however, no such legal actions were imposed on the CSL Limited Company (Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 2017). Environmental Analysis SWOT Analysis PEST Analysis of the Australian Pharmaceuticals Industry Political Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) Pharmaceuticals Benefits Scheme (PBS) United States-Australia free Trade Agreement Economy Elevating expenses on the health wellbeing Reducing prices of healthcare Social Alternative therapies are a threat to the industry Elevating numbers of Obesity cases Technology Adoption of Internet Technologies Inception of nanotechnology Table 1: PEST analysis Source: (created by author) The Australian government is very active in the pharmaceuticals industry, which is very much evident in its concerns towards the betterment off the industry and incepting ways to achieve the maximum success of the business. The PBS scheme is one of the beneficiary schemes brought into existence by the local government of Australia for bettering the infected people by reducing the prices of medicines and the medical equipments to the possible affordable rates. The Government has initiated this scheme to reduce the pricing on the subsidised medicines. This move is indeed very effecting and supporting in nature to the local publics of Australia (Gassmann, Reepmeyer and von Zedtwitz 2013). TGA is the regulating body that inspects and regulates the principle of operation of different pharmaceutical companies in the industry. The regulating body is to govern the proceedings of different companies in the pharmaceuticals industry in Australia. It is also responsible for classifying the different kinds of medicines and allocating this to the right direction (Barei, Le Pen and Simoens 2013). The free trade agreement in between the United States of America and Australia is also an important and strict system governing the medical practices of different companies in an appropriate manner. This is because of such agreement that the FDA of the United States of America did challenge the licensing issues of the biggest pharmaceutical company CSL Limited in Australia (Kayser and Warzecha 2012). The hiring concerns of the local government of Australia are well reflected in the lowering prices of the medicines. The local government is spending a huge amount on the pharmaceutical industry. The highly effective local government is doing some good work for the betterment of common people (Pabby, Rizvi and Requena 2015). The growing case of Obesity is a challenge to the industry as nothing so far has been done to control the epidemic. The demographic challenges are another challenge to the industry as the Australian are very depressed. This is a challenge to the industry that they bring something very effective, which effectively reduces the rising cases (Barei, Le Pen and Simoens 2013). The advancement of technology in the country has facilitated the flourishing of the industry to a high level. The advancement of technology has given birth to the nano technology, which is being encapsulated in the medicines to enhance their power (Jungmittag, Reger and Reiss 2013). SWOT Analysis Strengths Global footprint MA strategy Advancement of technology with the inception of innovative ideas Weaknesses Fall short in some critical issues such as the case in the year 2011 when it received the warning letter from the FDA of the United States Opportunities Highly enhancing industry in the country High-end supports from the local government Highly successful company both in the domestic and the international circle Threats Legal proceedings Use of nano technology Table 2: SWOT analysis Source: (created by author) The company is highly successful in both the domestic and the international circle. The highly competitive nature of the company and its strategy to have MA to enhance the dominion has placed this company on the global platform. However, the company has failed in reverting to the escalations raised against on some instances such as in the year 2011 from the FDA of the United States of America. The company has high chances of expanding to a larger market as the local government of Australia is highly careful on the pharmaceuticals industry. Some threats are also a concern such as alternative therapies and the usage of nano technology in the medicines (Mooney 2012). Leadership Style of the Organization The leadership style in the company is supportive, which is efficiently been driven by the CEO of the company. The CEO of the company is very efficient and believes work like a team. This is because of such reasons that the CEO of the company has been involved in some MA processes. One of the major business achievements that the company had achieved was happened after acquiring the Aventis Behring business of blood products from Frances Sanofi. The mentioned acquisition did help in enhancing the existing shares of the company. The CEO of the company is well innovative and very positive towards the organizational goal. The organizational culture is of good level, which is very much evident in the organizational practices. The company that had started its journey a hundred years ago is now one of the leading companies in the biotechnology industries in the world (Mooney 2012). Conclusion The CSL Limited is undoubtedly the leading pharmaceutical company in Australia. The company has also produced its impression on the global platform. The company is very quickly converting small things into a larger gain. However, the CSL Limited did also face some criticism in the past for some adverse reaction of the medicines. The FDA of the United States of America did also ask for the reports on the consequences; however, nothing could happen because the research works are still in process to identify the adverse febrile reaction of the vaccine. References Barei, F., Le Pen, C. and Simoens, S., 2013. The generic pharmaceutical industry: moving beyond incremental innovation towards re-innovation.Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal,2(1), pp.13-19. Braithwaite, J. 2013.Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Routledge Revivals). routledge. Csl.com.au. 2017. CSL Limited RD for Plasma Therapeutics protein based medicines. [online] Available at: https://www.csl.com.au/research-development [Accessed 14 May 2017]. Gassmann, O., Reepmeyer, G. and von Zedtwitz, M., 2013.Leading pharmaceutical innovation: Trends and drivers for growth in the pharmaceutical industry. Springer Science Business Media. Jungmittag, A., Reger, G. and Reiss, T. eds., 2013.Changing innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: globalization and new ways of drug development. Springer Science Business Media. Kayser, O. and Warzecha, H., 2012.Pharmaceutical biotechnology: drug discovery and clinical applications. John Wiley Sons. Mooney, G., 2012.The health of nations: Towards a new political economy. Zed Books Ltd.. Pabby, A.K., Rizvi, S.S. and Requena, A.M.S. eds., 2015.Handbook of membrane separations: chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and biotechnological applications. CRC press. Paris, V. and Belloni, A., 2014.Value in pharmaceutical pricing country profile: Australia(No. 63). OECD Health Working Papers. Pbs.gov.au. 2017. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) | Frequently asked questions. [online] Available at: https://www.pbs.gov.au/info/general/faq [Accessed 14 May 2017]. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 2017. The TGA and the USA FDA agree about problems at CSL Biotherapies. [online] Available at: https://www.tga.gov.au/behind-news/tga-and-usa-fda-agree-about-problems-csl-biotherapies [Accessed 14 May 2017].

Working Women Essays - Gender Studies, Women In The Workforce

Working Women Working Women Jasleen Singh May 24, 2001 Professor Kenneth JandaProblem Even as far back as the United States independence, women did not possess any civil rights. According to Janda, this view is also known as protectionism, the notion that women mush be sheltered from life's harsh realities. Protectionism carried on throughout the general populations view for many decades until the 1920's when the women's movement started. Women finally received the right to vote in the Nineteenth Amendment. The traditional views of protectionism, however, remained in people's minds until the 1970's (Janda et al, 2000: 538-539). Around this time, women started to take on other roles outside the typical traditional role of housewife. Women were going to college, obtaining their degrees, and starting their careers. This step forward in women's independence came with much scrutiny. What was happening to working women, to their households, their family roles, and their children? Many people from many different nations have different views based on women's rights with regards to career choice. Nations have different beliefs on women's independence by working, a working mother's relationship with her children, and the affect on the child whose mother works. These beliefs, especially of a preschool child suffering if his/her mother works, are based upon an individual's religiosity and age. These issues are imperative to politics. Many countries are giving more civil rights to women to treat them as equals to men. Women, therefore, have more power and say in the government. Yet, how much power should the government allot to women while still protecting family values. Many citizens feel that family values are core to moral beings, and allowing women to have careers will affect the future generations. On the other hand, women are humans and citizens equal to men and must therefore have the same equality of opportunity. To see what other factors play a role in individual's beliefs is important for a political figure to take in consideration when proposing bills or campaigning for office in order to respond and appeal to their voters. Method and Theory The method of research used to fully understand a society's views on working mothers is simply designed. An analysis of the 1990-91 World Values Survey is possible through the SPSS program. In Citizen Politics, the World Values Surveys are a series of representative national surveys designed to provide an empirical base for the study of social and cultural change among the publics of societies throughout the world (Dalton, 1996: 289). The nations surveyed are the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany. In order to examine the dilemma of these beliefs, specific variables are chosen and run through the program using the results of the surveys. First, variables referring to women job independence and women and their children were analyzed across nation to understand what nations views on women workers. Then a cross tabulation of the variable KID.JOB (referring to the statement if a preschool child is affected by a working mother) across nation is analyzed. Then other cross tabulations of KID.JOB to religiosity (PIOUS) and age (AGE) across nation were run through SPSS to prove that these are factors in individuals beliefs toward this issue. These variables used together are essential to understanding society's views on women's career goals and how they affect the family. Theoretically, career oriented women has shaped the family and government. The general population within the nations agrees that working women are more independent and that they can still have relationships with their children. However, they also believe that preschool children suffer when their mothers work. Religiosity and age are both factors in this belief. A religious person would agree that the child suffers since the person is more concerned with traditional family values. Also, an older person would agree that a child suffers since they grew up in a decade in which families practiced the traditional gender roles. Data Analysis The United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany all differ in their views of women's civil rights. For example, the nations hold dissimilar ideas referring to women's independence. Most nations agree that having a job makes a woman independent according to Table 1 (Cross-tabulation of OWN.JOB across nation). Since the largest percentages for each nation agree

Sociology Paper

Sociology Paper Sociology Paper Sociology Paper: Target - Clarity Sociology is rather young but very interesting science. It helps us study ourselves. That is why if you have got an assignment to write a sociology paper, do not neglect this good opportunity to learn more about people. Papers Sociology: Subjects of Research Any sociology paper (whether it is an essay or a term paper) is a kind of research of one or another aspect of the social life of people. Sociology papers may cover positive as well as negative sides of our life. Marriage, divorce, maternity, adoption of children, slavery, discrimination, social inequality these points and many others may be discussed in such papers. The only requirement to any sociology paper is that all the matter points of its topic must be highlighted fully enough and clearly. Your reader should understand what you wanted to study, in what way you made your study and what results this study led to. Paper Sociology: making your own social research clear Taking into acc ount the above-mentioned information lets try to point out tips that will help you make your paper clear.First of all, before getting down to writing of your sociology paper you should determine an issue clearly that you are going to research. It should be some narrower point of your paper topic whether you have been provided with this topic by your tutor or you have chosen it by yourself. As a rule, such an issue is formulated as a thesis statement of a paper that is presented at the beginning of this paper (in the introduction). Making a thesis statement will help you put your research in certain frameworks. It will be much better for you to make a plan of your research stating the main points that you are going to present. Split your paper into paragraphs in accordance with this plan. Pay attention that these paragraphs should be interrelated. Such a plan will make your sociology paper well-structured and logical. Your ideas will not exist separately but build a sing le picture your research of the issue in question. Pay attention to the vocabulary that you will use in your sociology paper. Avoid different idioms, slang elements, vulgarisms as your paper belongs to the academic writing. On the other hand, do not use a large number of various terms and unknown notions. That will make your writing not cognitive but dull. Try to use transitional words and phrases that will also give your paper some clarity. Pay attention to the precise data that you will state in your sociology paper to prove your suggestions and conclusions. All numbers, results of observations or experiments should be true. So, keeping in mind this information will help you write a clear and understandable sociology paper.

How to Solve Proportions Using a Recipe

How to Solve Proportions Using a Recipe A proportion is a set of 2 fractions that equal each other. This worksheet focuses on how to solve proportions. Real World Uses of Proportions Modifying a budget for a restaurant chain that is expanding from 3 locations to 20 locationsCreating a skyscraper from blueprintsCalculating tips, commissions, and sales tax Modifying a Recipe On Monday, you are cooking enough white rice to serve exactly 3 people. The recipe calls for 2 cups of water and 1 cup of dry rice. On Sunday, you are going to serve rice to 12 people. How would the recipe change? If youve ever made rice, you know that this ratio - 1 part dry rice and 2 parts water - is important. Mess it up, and youll be scooping a gummy, hot mess on top of your guests crawfish à ©touffà ©e. Because you are quadrupling your guest list (3 people * 4 12 people), you must quadruple your recipe. Cook 8 cups of water and 4 cups of dry rice. These shifts in a recipe demonstrate the heart of proportions: use a ratio to accommodate lifes greater and smaller changes. Algebra and Proportions 1 Sure, with the right numbers, you can forgo setting up an algebraic equation to determine the amounts of dry rice and water. What happens when the numbers are not so friendly? On Thanksgiving, youll be serving rice to 25 people. How much water do you need? Because the ratio of 2 parts water and 1 part dry rice applies to cooking 25 servings of rice, use a proportion to determine the quantity of ingredients. Note: Translating a word problem into an equation is super important. Yes, you can solve an incorrectly set up equation and find an answer. You can also mix rice and water together to create food to serve at Thanksgiving. Whether the answer or food is palatable depends on the equation. Think about what you know: 3 servings of cooked rice 2 cups of water; 1 cup of dry rice25 servings of cooked rice ? cups of water; ? cup of dry rice3 servings of cooked rice/25 servings of cooked rice 2 cups of water/x cups of water3/25 2/x Cross multiply. Hint: Write these fractions vertically to get the full understanding of cross multiplying. To cross multiply, take the first fractions numerator and multiply it by the second fractions denominator. Then take the second fractions numerator and multiply it by the first fractions denominator. 3 * x 2 * 253x 50 Divide both sides of the equation by 3 to solve for x. 3x/3 50/3x 16.6667 cups of water Freeze- verify that the answer is correct. Is 3/25 2/16.6667?3/25 .122/16.6667 .12 Whoo hoo! The first proportion is right. Algebra and Proportions 2 Remember that x will not always be in the numerator. Sometimes the variable is in the denominator, but the process is the same. Solve the following for x. 36/x 108/12 Cross multiply: 36 * 12 108 * x432 108x Divide both sides by 108 to solve for x. 432/108 108x/1084 x Check and make sure the answer is right. Remember, a proportion is defined as 2 equivalent fractions:Does 36/4 108/12? 36/4 9108/12 9 Its right! Practice Instructions: Solve for the unknown variable. Check your answers. a/49 4/356/x 8/329/3 12/b5/60 k/652/949 s/36522.5/x 5/100a/180 4/100

Physiotherapy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Physiotherapy - Assignment Example All practitioners use different sources to inform clinical practice in order to increase their effectiveness in the delivery of care. Section 8.5 of the QAS in the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP) requires physiotherapists to identify the best treatment options based on sources such as clinical guidelines and empirical evidence (Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 2012, sec. 8). Other sources include utilizing the highly experienced physiotherapists and the clinical performance instruments and models, which improves delivery of care. These sources are reliable and when used in clinical practice, they enhance professional empowerment, increase the ability to solve problems and increase the quality of care delivered to patients. On another hand, the sources are prone to inadequate reporting, homogeneity and generalization of the research findings. The CSP has also provided standards that govern the reflective practice in physiotherapy. In section 3.1, practitioners are required to reflect and engage in continuing professional development (CPD) process in order to be competent in health practice. One can utilize reflective models to analyse one’s learning experience and achieve the quality assurance standards stipulated in the CSP. The most commonly used models include the Atkins and Murphy model of reflection and John’s model of reflection of 1994. Over the past decades,emphasis has been put in evaluating the quality of services delivered by physiotherapist whilst in practice. As a result, the practitioners have increasingly utilized empirical research as a source of information, which support decision making.In order to improve decision-making and problem-solving, practitioners have been encouraged to transfer the research findings into the clinical practice.As a result, the evidence based practice has been born. Research shows that evidence based practice requires three components, that is, the physiotherapists,

Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Term paper - Essay Example Towards the end of the 20th Century, widespread use of computers commenced in Western nations like Europe and North America. At first, computers belonged to the elite members of a society. With time, economics of demand and supply led to massive production of cheap computers for the general public (Wendy, 98). Today, use of computers is not restricted to specific corners of the world. Today, even communities in remote African and Asian villages have access to computers. Aside from accessing the computers, most people in these villages possess conceptual skills regarding the use of internet and other popular computer applications (Dike, 01). This widespread availability and application of computers created a computerized global village. The age of global computerization has benefits and setbacks in relatively equal measures. One benefit involves ease of communication. In the past, exchange of messages between distant persons would involve traversing the long distances between communicating parties, which was not only financially costly, but also time-consuming. Nowadays, global computerization enables two parties to conduct their social, economic or political interactions in an economically efficient manner (Smith and Angelica, 21). Irrespective of their physical locations, business partners or politicians can enter into mutually beneficial agreements through the internet. In this regard, global computerization has led to convenience in exchange of messages, hence enhancing human activities. Global computerization is not without concerns of disadvantages. Significant decline in ethics features as one setback of the computerized global village. Admittedly, widespread use of computers did not cause a correspondingly widespread advancement of ethics (Carr, 28). Traditional settings in either social or economic environments upheld ethical standards because physical interactions remained dominant. Nowadays, there are increasing

Refugee Blues Essay Example for Free

Refugee Blues Essay The speaker is talking to someone My dear (perhaps his wife), the language and tone is very conversational. Each stanza intensifies the situation in the poem. The first stanza brings out that the refugees are homeless. Though there are millions in the city all of whom have some kind of home but the refugees have nowhere to go. In stanza 2, the couple cannot stay in their country. It compares two living people with the old yew tree. Officially dead means you cannot make passport. This section tells us how the refugees are trying to get help. The refugees cannot leave the country due to lack of passport and hence they are described as officially dead, though they are indeed alive. The refugees are treated coldly by the committee and council. They are politely pushed aside but no real help is offered. At the public meeting the speaker demonises the refugees as thieves. This is made to incite ordinary people to hate Jews. A metaphorical storm breaks over the whole of Europe continent as hitler sentences them to death. The tone of the final stanza is very bitter. The comparisons that the poet uses are testimony to these; Pet animals are treated better then Jews. eg: saw a Door opened and a cat let in; Fish are free and Birds are free, Poet blames nazi regime for creating an environment in which natural things act far much better than humans. The poet further uses cruel contrast. For e. g. : he has a dream of a huge building with many rooms for everybody except Jews. In the final stanza the poet enlightens a brightening future for the Jews but now Jews are hunted down by 1000s of people.

Historic Preservation Districts Essays -- American History, Policies

Historic preservation districts. Introduction, Historic preservation is a planning device that has been around since the twentieth century, the term came about in 1966. This policy was established to protect U.S. physical history, this history being geographic locations, and buildings that are of small or great importance to its city or region. â€Å"While historic preservation takes place at the local, state, and national levels, the putative goal in all cases is the preservation of properties with historical and/or aesthetic appeal that would otherwise be neglected or even demolished† (Coulson, 2004). The policy came from a good place, meaningfully wonting to preserve our history by deeming geographic locations and building to be historic, however the policy in some ways lost its luster not sticking to it true roots. A concise history of U.S Preservation Policy. â€Å"Historic preservation as a U.S policy began in the 1966 when Congress authorized the Department of War to maintain national landmarks†(Hamer, 2000). According to Benson (1998), â€Å"After the Civil War, the national parks system was established and made the Departments of War and Interior jointly administered all National Sites† (Benson 1998). Though a series of Federal legislative actions such as the 1935 Historic Sites Act, the 1949 National Trust for historic Preservation Act, where created to promote the cause nationwide. The 1966 National Historic Preservation Act, set the stage for comprehensive programs in the 1970s. There was a national response to historic preservation as a result of the Tax Reform Act of 1976, which forced Americans to look at their social and economic priorities. Historic preservation defined. Historic preservation policy can be defined acc... ...ves, and goals to make them more compatible with modern urban planning and real estate development. Conclusion and my thoughts. Historic districts have evolved from the preserving a single house at a time, to the preserving of districts and neighborhoods. This practice eventually led up to the comprehensive application of the discipline. Historic Preservation came from a special place, a place that helps us to remember our history. As I did my research I could not help but notice that the multiplication of historic districts since 1966 has caused this discipline to lose its grass roots advocacy. In the years following 1966 the concept moved from an outstanding, and non-typical idea towards the idea that it should showcase the representative and the typical. Moreover, the idea of historic preservation still works but not in the original intended way.

Human Resource Management and Employees Essay

After an organization’s structural design is in place, it needs people with the right skills, knowledge, and abilities to fill in that structure. People are an organization’s most important resource, because people either create or undermine an organization’s reputation for quality in both products and service. In addition, an organization must respond to change effectively in order to remain competitive. The right staff can carry an organization through a period of change and ensure its future success. Because of the importance of hiring and maintaining a committed and competent staff, effective human resource management is crucial to the success of all organizations. Human resource management (HRM), or staffing, is the management function devoted to acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating employees. In effect, all managers are human resource managers, although human resource specialists may perform some of these activities in large organizations. Solid HRM practices can mold a company’s workforce into a motivated and committed team capable of managing change effectively and achieving the organizational objectives. Understanding the fundamentals of HRM can help any manager lead more effectively. Every manager should understand the following three principles: All managers are human resource managers. Employees are much more important assets than buildings or equipment; good employees give a company the competitive edge. Human resource management is a matching process; it must match the needs of the organization with the needs of the employee. HR Management: Laws and Regulations Laws and regulations at the federal, state, and local levels regulate how companies conduct staffing. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act banned most discriminatory hiring practices. Three sensitive areas of legal concern that managers must comply with are equal opportunity, affirmative action, and sexual harassment, described in the following sections. These areas, as well as other laws, impact all human resource practices. Equal Employment Opportunity Individuals covered under Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) laws are protected from illegal discrimination, which occurs when people who share a certain characteristic, such as race, age, or gender, are discriminated against because of that characteristic. People who have the designated characteristics are called the protected class. Federal laws have identified the following characteristics for protection: Race, ethnic origin, color (for example, African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian) Gender (women, including those who are pregnant) Age (individuals over 40) Individuals with disabilities (physical and mental) Military experience (Vietnam-era veterans) Religion (special beliefs and practices) The main purpose of the EEO laws is to ensure that everyone has an equal opportunity of getting a job or being promoted at work. Affirmative action While EEO laws aim to ensure equal treatment at work, affirmative action requires the employer to make an extra effort to hire and promote people who belong to a protected group. Affirmative action includes taking specific actions designed to eliminate the present effects of past discriminations. Employees are also protected by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which was established through the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII. The scope of authority of the EEOC has been expanded so that today it carries the major enforcement authority for the following laws: Civil Rights Act of 1964. Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. Civil Rights Act of 1991. Reaffirms and tightens prohibition of discrimination. Permits individuals to sue for punitive damages in cases of intentional discrimination and shifts the burden of proof to the employer. Equal Pay Act of 1963. Prohibits pay differences based on sex for equal work. Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. Prohibits discrimination or dismissal of women because of pregnancy alone, and protects job security during maternity leaves. American with Disabilities Act. Prohibits discrimination against individuals with physical or mental disabilities or the chronically ill, and requires that â€Å"reasonable accommodations† be provided for the disabled. Vocational Rehabilitation Act. Prohibits discrimination on the basis of physical or mental disabilities and requires that employees be informed about affirmative action plans. Most employers in the United States must comply with the provisions of Title VII. Compliance is required from all private employers of 15 or more persons, all educational institutions, state and local governments, public and private employment agencies, labor unions with 15 or more members, and joint (labor-management) committees for apprenticeship and training. Sexual harassment Few workplace topics have received more attention in recent years than that of sexual harassment. Since professor Anita Hill confronted Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas on national television over a decade ago, the number of sexual harassment claims filed annually in the United States has more than doubled. Since 1980, U. S. courts generally have used guidelines from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to define sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is defined as â€Å"unwelcome sexual advances for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. † Sexual harassment may include sexually suggestive remarks, unwanted touching, sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal and physical conduct of a sexual nature In a 1993 ruling, the Supreme Court widened the test for sexual harassment under the civil rights law to whether comments or behavior in a work environment â€Å"would reasonably be perceived, and is perceived as hostile or abusive. † As a result, employees don’t need to demonstrate that they have been psychologically damaged to prove sexual harassment in the workplace; they simply must prove that they are working in a hostile or abusive environment. Sexual harassment is not just a woman’s problem. Recently, a decision handed down by the U. S. Supreme Court broadened the definition of sexual harassment to include same-sex harassment as well as harassment of males by female coworkers. In the suit that prompted the Court’s decision, a male oil-rig worker claimed he was singled out by other members of the all-male crew for crude sex play, unwanted touching, and threats. From management’s standpoint, sexual harassment is a growing concern because it intimidates employees, interferes with job performance, and exposes the organization to liability. Organizations must respond to sexual harassment complaints very quickly because employers are held responsible for sexual harassment if appropriate action is not taken. The cost of inaction can be high. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 permits victims of sexual harassment to have jury trials and to collect compensatory damages in cases where the employer acted with â€Å"malice or reckless indifference† to the individual’s rights. Employers can take the following steps to help minimize liability for sexual harassment suits: 1. Offer a sexual harassment policy statement. This statement should address where employees can report complaints, assure confidentiality, and promise that disciplinary action will be taken against sexual harassers. 2. Provide communication and training programs for supervisors and managers. These programs should emphasize that sexual harassment will not be tolerated. 3. Conduct fair, impartial investigations and base actions on objectively gathered facts. The complainant must be insulated from the kinds of behavior that prompted the complaint. Other employment laws Several other laws impact staffing practices as well. The Fair Labor Standards Act specifies the minimum wage, overtime pay rules, and child labor regulations. The Employee Polygraph Protection Act outlaws almost all uses of the polygraph machine for employment purposes. Privacy laws provide legal rights regarding who has access to information about work history and job performance for employees in certain jurisdictions. Under the Whistleblower Protection Act, some employees who publicize dangerous employer practices are entitled to legal protection. Table 1 lists additional federal laws that shape HRM practices. TABLE 1 Some Federal Laws Shaping HRM Practices Law Date Description National Labor Relations Act 1935 Requires employers to recognize a union chosen by the majority of the employees and to establish procedures governing collective bargaining. Age Discrimination in Employment Act 1967, amended in 1978 and 1986 Prohibits age discrimination against employees between 40 and 65 years of age and restricts mandatory retirement. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 Establishes mandatory safety and health standards in organizations. Vietnam-Era Veteran’s Readjustment Assistance Act 1974 Prohibits discrimination against disabled veterans and Vietnam-era veterans. Mandatory Retirement Act 1978 Prohibits the forced retirement of most employees before the age of 70. Immigration Reform and Control Act 1986 Prohibits employers from knowingly hiring illegal aliens and prohibits employment on the basis of national origin of citizenship. Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act 1988 Requires employees to provide 60 days’ notice before a facility closing or mass layoff. Employee Polygraph Protection Act 1988 Limits an employer’s ability to use lie detector tests. Family and Medical Leave Act 1993 Permits employees in organizations with 50 or more workers to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for family or medical reasons for each year. Determining Human Resource Needs Staffing is an ongoing process that begins with finding the right people through proper planning, recruiting, and selecting. But staffing doesn’t end once employees are hired; management must keep and nurture its people via training, appraising, compensating, and implementing employment decisions that determine such things as promotions, transfers, and layoffs. Human resource planning The first step in the staffing process involves human resource planning. Human resource planning begins with a job analysis in which descriptions of all jobs (tasks) and the qualifications needed for each position are developed. A job description is a written statement of what a jobholder does, how it’s done, and why it’s done. It typically portrays job content, environment, and conditions of employment. The job specification states the minimum acceptable qualifications an incumbent must possess to perform a given job successfully. It identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to do the job effectively. Job analysis is then followed by a human resource inventory, which catalogs qualifications and interests. Next, a human resource forecast is developed to predict the organization’s future needs for jobs and people based on its strategic plans and normal attrition. The forecast is then compared to the inventory to determine whether the organization’s staffing needs will be met with existing personnel or whether managers will have to recruit new employees or terminate existing ones. Recruiting strategies Recruitment includes all the activities an organization may use to attract a pool of viable candidates. Effective recruiting is increasingly important today for several reasons: The U. S. employment rate has generally declined each year through the 1990s. Experts refer to the current recruiting situation as one of â€Å"evaporated employee resources. † Many experts believe that today’s Generation X employees (those born between 1963 and 1981) are less inclined to build long-term employment relationships than were their predecessors. Therefore, finding the right inducements for attracting, hiring, and retaining qualified personnel may be more complicated than in previous years. Keep in mind that recruiting strategies differ among organizations. Although one may instantly think of campus recruiting as a typical recruiting activity, many organizations use internal recruiting, or promote-from-within policies, to fill their high-level positions. Open positions are posted, and current employees are given preferences when these positions become available. Internal recruitment is less costly than an external search. It also generates higher employee commitment, development, and satisfaction because it offers opportunities for career advancement to employees rather than outsiders. If internal sources do not produce an acceptable candidate, many external recruiting strategies are available, including the following: Newspaper advertising Employment agencies (private, public, or temporary agencies) Executive recruiters (sometimes called headhunters) Unions Employee referrals Internship programs Internet employment sites But there’s more to recruiting than just attracting employees; managers need to be able to weed out the top candidates. Once a manger has a pool of applicants, the selection process can begin. Selecting the Best Person for the Job Having the right people on staff is crucial to the success of an organization. Various selection devices help employers predict which applicants will be successful if hired. These devices aim to be not only valid, but also reliable. Validity is proof that the relationship between the selection device and some relevant job criterion exists. Reliability is an indicator that the device measures the same thing consistently. For example, it would be appropriate to give a keyboarding test to a candidate applying for a job as an administrative assistant. However, it would not be valid to give a keyboarding test to a candidate for a job as a physical education teacher. If a keyboarding test is given to the same individual on two separate occasions, the results should be similar. To be effective predictors, a selection device must possess an acceptable level of consistency. Application forms For most employers, the application form is the first step in the selection process. Application forms provide a record of salient information about applicants for positions, and also furnish data for personnel research. Interviewers may use responses from the application for follow-up questions during an interview. These forms range from requests for basic information, such as names, addresses, and telephone numbers, to comprehensive personal history profiles detailing applicants’ education, job experience skills, and accomplishments. According to the Uniform Selection Guidelines of the EEOC, which establish standards that employers must meet to prevent disparate or unequal treatment, any employment requirement is a test, even a job application. As a result, EEOC considerations and application forms are interrelated, and managers should make sure that their application forms do not ask questions that are irrelevant to job success, or these questions may create an adverse impact on protected groups. For example, employers should not ask whether an applicant rents or owns his or her own home, because an applicant’s response may adversely affect his or her chances at the job. Minorities and women may be less likely to own a home, and home ownership is probably unrelated to job performance. On the other hand, asking about the CPA exam for an accounting position is appropriate, even if only one-half of all female or minority applicants have taken the exam versus nine-tenths of male applicants. A quick test for disparate impact suggested by the Uniform Selection Guidelines is the four-fifths rules. Generally, a disparate impact is assumed when the proportions of protected class applicants who are actually hired is less that 80 percent (four-fifths) of the proportion of the majority group applicants selected. For example, assume that an employer has 100 white male applicants for an entry-level job and hires one-half of them, for a selection ratio of 1:2, or 50 percent (50/100). The four-fifths rule does not mean that the employers must hire four-fifths, or 40 protected class members. Instead, the rule means that the employer’s selection ratio of protected class-applicants should be at least four-fifths of that of the majority groups. Testing Testing is another method of selecting competent future employees. Although testing use has ebbed and flowed during the past two decades, recent studies reveal that more than 80 percent of employers use testing as part of their selection process. Again, these tests must be valid and reliable, or serious EEO questions may be raised about the use of them. As a result, a manager needs to make sure that the test measures only job-relevant dimensions of applicants. Most tests focus on specific job-related aptitudes and skills, such as math or motor skills. Typical types of exams include the following: Integrity tests measure factors such as dependability, carefulness, responsibility, and honesty. These tests are used to learn about the attitudes of applicants toward a variety of job-related subjects. Since the passage of the Employee Polygraph Protection Act in 1988, polygraph (lie detector) tests have been effectively banned in employment situations. In their place, attitude tests are being used to assess attitudes about honesty and, presumably, on-the-job behaviors. Personality tests measure personality or temperament. These tests are among the least reliable. Personality tests are problematic and not very valid, because little or no relationship exists between personality and performance. Knowledge tests are more reliable than personality tests because they measure an applicant’s comprehension or knowledge of a subject. A math test for an accountant and a weather test for a pilot are examples. Human relations specialists must be able to demonstrate that the test reflects the knowledge needed to perform the job. For example, a teacher hired to teach math should not be given a keyboarding test. Performance simulation tests are increasing in popularity. Based on job analysis data, they more easily meet the requirement of job relatedness than written tests. Performance simulation tests are made up of actual job behaviors. The best-known performance simulation test is known as work sampling, and other credible simulation processes are performed at assessment centers. An assessment is a selection technique that examines candidates’ handling of simulated job situations and evaluates a candidate’s potential by observing his or her performance in experiential activities designed to simulate daily work. Assessment centers, where work sampling is often completed, utilize line executives, supervisors, or trained psychologists to evaluate candidates as they go through exercises that simulate real problems that these candidates would confront on their jobs. Activities may include interviews, problem-solving exercises, group discussions, and business-decision games. Assessment centers have consistently demonstrated results that accurately predict later job performance in managerial positions. Work sampling is an effort to create a miniature replica of a job, giving applicants the chance to demonstrate that they possess the necessary talents by actually doing the tasks. Interviews Another widely used selection technique is the interview, a formal, in-depth conversation conducted to evaluate an applicant’s acceptability. In general, the interviewer seeks to answer three broad questions: 1. Can the applicant do the job? 2. Will the applicant do the job? 3. How does the applicant compare with others who are being considered for the job? Interviews are popular because of their flexibility. They can be adapted to unskilled, skilled, managerial, and staff employees. They also allow a two-way exchange of information where interviewers can learn about the applicant and the applicant can learn about the employer. Interviews do have some shortcomings, however. The most noticeable flaws are in the areas of reliability and validity. Good reliability means that the interpretation of the interview results does not vary from interviewer to interviewer. Reliability is improved when identical questions are asked. The validity of interviews is often questionable because few departments use standardized questions. Managers can boost the reliability and validity of selection interviews by planning the interviews, establishing rapport, closing the interview with time for questions, and reviewing the interview as soon as possible after its conclusion. Other selection techniques Reference checking and health exams are two other important selection techniques that help in the staffing decision. Reference checking allows employers to verify information supplied by the candidate. However, obtaining information about potential candidates is often difficult because of privacy laws and employer concerns about defamation lawsuits. Health exams identify health problems that increase absenteeism and accidents, as well as detecting diseases that may be unknown to the applicant. Orientation and Training Programs Once employees are selected, they must be prepared to do their jobs, which is when orientation and training come in. Orientation means providing new employees with basic information about the employer. Training programs are used to ensure that the new employee has the basic knowledge required to perform the job satisfactorily. Orientation and training programs are important components in the processes of developing a committed and flexible high-potential workforce and socializing new employees. In addition, these programs can save employers money, providing big returns to an organization, because an organization that invests money to train its employees results in both the employees and the organization enjoying the dividends. Unfortunately, orientation and training programs are often overlooked. A recent U. S. study, for example, found that 57 percent of employers reported that although employees’ skill requirements had increased over a three-year period, only 20 percent of employees were fully proficient in their jobs. Orientation Orientation programs not only improve the rate at which employees are able to perform their jobs but also help employees satisfy their personal desires to feel they are part of the organization’s social fabric. The HR department generally orients newcomers to broad organizational issues and fringe benefits. Supervisors complete the orientation process by introducing new employees to coworkers and others involved in the job. A buddy or mentor may be assigned to continue the process. Training needs Simply hiring and placing employees in jobs does not ensure their success. In fact, even tenured employees may need training, because of changes in the business environment. Here are some changes that may signal that current employees need training: Introduction of new equipment or processes A change in the employee’s job responsibilities A drop in an employee’s productivity or in the quality of output An increase in safety violations or accidents An increased number of questions Complaints by customers or coworkers Once managers decide that their employees need training, these managers need to develop clear training goals that outline anticipated results. These managers must also be able to clearly communicate these goals to employees. Keep in mind that training is only one response to a performance problem. If the problem is lack of motivation, a poorly designed job, or an external condition (such as a family problem), training is not likely to offer much help. Types of training After specific training goals have been established, training sessions should be scheduled to provide the employee an opportunity to meet his or her goals. The following are typical training programs provided by employers: Basic literacy training. Ninety million American adults have limited literacy skills, and about 40 million can read little or not at all. Because most workplace demands require a tenth- or eleventh-grade reading level (and about 20 percent of Americans between the ages of 21 and 25 can’t read at even an eighth-grade level), organizations increasingly need to provide basic literacy training in the areas of reading and math skills to their employees. Technical training. New technology and structural designs have increased the need to upgrade and improve employees’ technical skills in both white-collar and blue-collar jobs. Interpersonal skills training. Most employees belong to a work team, and their work performance depends on their abilities to effectively interact with their coworkers. Interpersonal skills training helps employees build communication skills. Problem-solving training. Today’s employees often work as members of self-managed teams who are responsible for solving their own problems. Problem-solving training has become a basic part of almost every organizational effort to introduce self-managed teams or implement Total Quality Management (TQM). Diversity training. As one of the fastest growing areas of training, diversity training increases awareness and builds cultural sensitivity skills. Awareness training tries to create an understanding of the need for, and meaning of, managing and valuing diversity. Skill-building training educates employees about specific cultural differences in the workplace. Training methods Most training takes place on the job due to the simplicity and lower cost of on-the-job training methods. Two popular types of on-the-job training include the following: Job rotation. By assigning people to different jobs or tasks to different people on a temporary basis, employers can add variety and expose people to the dependence that one job has on others. Job rotation can help stimulate people to higher levels of contributions, renew people’s interest and enthusiasm, and encourage them to work more as a team. Mentoring programs. A new employee frequently learns his or her job under the guidance of a seasoned veteran. In the trades, this type of training is usually called an apprenticeship. In white-collar jobs, it is called a coaching or mentoring relationship. In each, the new employee works under the observation of an experienced worker. Sometimes, training goals cannot be met through on-the-job training; the employer needs to look to other resources. Off-the-job training can rely on outside consultants, local college faculty, or in-house personnel. The more popular off-the-job training methods are classroom lectures, videos, and simulation exercises. Thanks to new technologies, employers can now facilitate some training, such as tutorials, on the employees’ own computers, reducing the overall costs. Regardless of the method selected, effective training should be individualized. Some people absorb information better when they read about it, others learn best by observation, and still others learn better when they hear the information. These different learning styles are not mutually exclusive. When training is designed around the preferred learning style of an employee, the benefits of training are maximized because employees are able to retain more of what they learn. In addition to training, employers should offer development plans, which include a series of steps that can help employees acquire skills to reach long-term goals, such as a job promotion. Training, on the other hand, is immediate and specific to a current job. Evaluating Employee Performance Employee performance should be evaluated regularly. Employees want feedback—they want to know what their supervisors think about their work. Regular performance evaluations not only provide feedback to employees, but also provide employees with an opportunity to correct deficiencies. Evaluations or reviews also help in making key personnel decisions, such as the following: Justifying promotions, transfers, and terminations Identifying training needs Providing feedback to employees on their performance Determining necessary pay adjustments Most organizations utilize employee evaluation systems; one such system is known as a performance appraisal. A performance appraisal is a formal, structured system designed to measure the actual job performance of an employee against designated performance standards. Although performance appraisals systems vary by organizations, all employee evaluations should have the following three components: Specific, job-related criteria against which performance can be compared A rating scale that lets employees know how well they’re meeting the criteria Objective methods, forms, and procedures to determine the rating Traditionally, an employee’s immediate boss conducts his or her performance appraisal. However, some organizations use other devices, such as peer evaluations, self-appraisals, and even customer evaluations, for conducting this important task. The latest approach to performance evaluation is the use of 360-degree feedback. The 360-degree feedback appraisal provides performance feedback from the full circle of daily contacts that an employee may have. This method of performance appraisal fits well into organizations that have introduced teams, employee involvement, and TQM programs. Making Employment Decisions Employment decisions go beyond determining which employees are due for raises. Through regular, objective performance appraisals, managers acquire information to make and implement decisions about promotions, transfers, demotions, separations, and compensation. In most organizations, outstanding employees are recognized for their hard work and outstanding performances, and offered promotions. A promotion generally means rewarding an employee’s efforts by moving that person to a job with increased authority and responsibility. Downsizing has led many firms to rely on lateral moves or transfers instead of promoting employees. A lateral move can act as an opportunity for future vertical advancement because it can broaden an employee’s experiences and add skills. On the other hand, sometimes employees’ performances signal that they aren’t adapting well to their jobs and may need fewer responsibilities. One option is a demotion, or reassignment to a lower rank or less prestigious position. Demotions are not a popular technique because of the stigma attached to this move. A misconception is that demotions should be used as punishment for ineffective performance. The departure of an employee from an organization is referred to as separation. Separation may be voluntary or involuntary. Resignations and retirements are voluntary separations. Involuntary separations are layoffs and/or firings. Lately, the rash of downsizing throughout the United States has resulted in many layoffs. Sometimes, however, an employee must be terminated because of poor performance. Dismissal or firing of employees should occur only on the basis of just cause and only after all reasonable steps to rehabilitate the employee have failed. In some cases, such as gross insubordination or theft, immediate dismissal is required. Compensating Employees Employee compensation refers to all work-related payments, including wages, commissions, insurance, and time off. Wages and salaries are the most obvious forms of compensation and are based on job evaluations that determine the relative values of jobs to the organization. Under the hourly wage system, employees are paid a fixed amount for each hour they work. The system is generally used for lower skilled occupations. Salaried employees receive a fixed sum per week or month, no matter how many hours they work. Most professional positions are salaried; the reality is that these jobholders typically work in excess of a â€Å"minimum† 40-hour workweek. Some occupations are compensated through incentive pay programs. Salespeople typically receive commissions based upon the quantities of goods they sell. Some sales compensation plans contain elements of both a salary and commission. A production worker’s pay may be based upon some combination of an hourly wage and an incentive for each â€Å"piece† he or she makes. Some employees are offered merit awards as a reward for sustained superior performance. Employee benefits are supplements to wages or pay. Some benefits, such as unemployment and worker’s compensation, are legally mandated. Other benefits are optional and help build employee loyalty to an organization, including the following: Health insurance Pension plans E

On the Sidewalk Bleeding Monuloge Essay

All I feel is the excruciating pain entering my aching body. The irritation and agony makes me feel defenceless. I have a multitude of varied thoughts racing through my confused mind. As I am helplessly laying on the cold, wet concrete, with the rain drilling down on me, I am thinking if this is how I am going to die, my life over at the age of just 16. I can think back and faintly remember someone saying, â€Å"that’s for you royal!† and just thinking to myself, if I was not wearing this stupid jacket that I once thought was so important, I perchance wouldn’t have even been in this discomforting situation. All I can do at this point is helplessly lay here praying for someone to find me. Then finally I take a great effort and look over to the end of the street though the rain blurring my vision and see the bright neon lights of a vehicle binding me. I feel a massive relief, I see two figures coming toward me I try to yell again but they seem to just be talking to each other. I want to get their attention but all the sound I can make is the bubbling of blood filing my mouth, as if I am drowning in my own vital fluid. It sounds like the grunt of an animal and that’s the only sound I am capable of making in this state. I start to panic because the people aren’t recognising that I am there, after I tak e all my energy and frustration to get their attention they look at me for a little then they mutter to each other, I can’t understand much they are mumbling about. I just feel powerless hoping he will make the right decision and just get a cop or hep me. He looks at me, my cut body and the rain soaking my purple royals jacket. He sympathetically says, â€Å"Sorry royal,† and walks away. At this very moment I feel frustrated, overwhelmingly confused with anger and abundance. Is it that big of a deal that I am a royal? I am not just a royal, I am Andy. I feel drastically judged and labelled. Right now I will do anything and everything I am physically capable of just to take this jacket off, the only thing that jacket ever did to me was rob me of my life.

Introduction to Pronouncing the French Alphabet

Introduction to Pronouncing the French Alphabet French pronunciation can be one of the more difficult aspects of learning French, especially for English speakers, but with time and practice, it is definitely possible to develop a good French accent. It important to do so eventually.  In French, pronunciation is a very big deal.  Phonetics, the system and study of sounds uttered in speaking  a language, in short, the way a language is pronounced, is taught in every language school serving foreigners. Students are drilled in opening their mouth, pursing their lips, hitting the roof of their mouth precisely with their tongue and other techniques involved in speaking French correctly.   Consonants and Vowels The French alphabet has the same 26 letters as the English alphabet does, but of course, most of the letters are pronounced differently in the two languages. In addition, French has five accents: four for vowels and one for a consonant, which English, of course, does not have. Vowels are the most problematic for non-native speakers, especially speakers of Germanic languages like English and German, who do not use the muscles in their face and mouth as much as the French. In the table below, start at the top with the links to pronunciation guides for French consonants and  French vowels.   Links to Detailed Letter Pages Then click on the capital letters in the table below and youll move on to the letter pages, each of which offers a detailed description of the pronunciation of that letter, including letter combinations, numerous examples and information about the accents that may be used with that letter. For each letter, note the rules governing its pronunciation, and follow them. When you are comfortable with pronouncing letters, proceed to the French Audio Guide, which illustrates with sound files, rules of the road and examples how to pronounce 2,500 French words and expressions. Remember that there is only so much you can do to improve your pronunciation on your own. At some point, you will almost certainly need to take a class, go to France  or hire a private tutor. Online pronunciation lessons like these can never take the place of interaction with native or fluent speakers, but at least they can help you get started or supplement what youve already learned. Allez-y! Pronounce the French Alphabet Consonants  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vowels ​ A  Ã‚  B  Ã‚  C  Ã‚  D  Ã‚  E  Ã‚  F  Ã‚  G  Ã‚  H  Ã‚  I  Ã‚  J  Ã‚  K  Ã‚  L  Ã‚  M  Ã‚  N  Ã‚  O  Ã‚  P  Ã‚  Q  Ã‚  R  Ã‚  S  Ã‚  T  Ã‚  U  Ã‚  V  Ã‚  W  Ã‚  X  Ã‚  Y  Ã‚  Z

Bond Market Information of Bangladesh

A well-developed financial system plays an important role in accelerating economic growth by mobilizing savings and facilitating investment in an efficient manner (Mu, 2007). Financial market is composed of different markets- Money Market, Capital Market, Derivative Market etc. All the markets play an interactive role for the development of economy by formation of capital through mobilizing funds, industrialization of economy through supplying adequate funds, providing services, linking investors to the industrial entrepreneurs etc.Besides, this requires sound regulatory framework, sound and investment sensitive administrative infrastructure, fiscal supports for making their role effective for economic development. The financial sector of Bangladesh is characterized by the dominating presence of commercial banks, especially the Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs). Although, a paradigm shift in the degree of dominance has been observed of late with the emergence of private commercial banks-traditional and shariah based banking. Banking sector accounted for about 75 percent of the total financial system.Most of the available funds go to the NCBs in the fo rm of deposits and channeled into lending. However, the NCBs had substantial nonperforming loan (NPL) portfolios. Both insurance and mutual funds industries are very small. The debt market being an integral part of financial market plays a complementary role in developing economy through allocation of funds to the different deficit sectors. The debt market consists of money market, mortgage market, bond market and derivative market. The debt market of Bangladesh is very small. The size of domestic debt accounted for only 20 percent of the financial system.Bangladeshs bond market represents the smallest in South Asia, accounting for only 12 per cent of the countrys gross domestic product (GDP), a World Bank report said. It is surprising that Bangladesh, which is much larger than Nepal in terms of population, land area and other measures, has the smallest bond market in the region, the report added. Like in any other country, a well-developed tradable bond market is critical to ensuring stability and efficiency of the financial market in Bangladesh. An efficient bond market is important for managing public debt and bank liquidity and for efficient conduct of the monetary policy.So far the bond market has played a limited role in the economy. The priority of the development of Bangladesh’s capital markets should be to promote the bond market development. Without a functioning bond market, the monetary transmission processes of policy measures would be circumvented, and the desired impact on the real economy can not be fulfilled, which compromises the effectiveness of the monetary policy operations. In view of this, the present study has been undertaken in order to evaluate the present bond mar ket status and to identify the issues and factors that prompt the development of bond market in Bangladesh. . Objectives of the Study The principal objective of the study is to evaluate present bond market status in Bangladesh. To accomplish this principal objective, following specific objectives have been covered: a) To highlight the Bond Market status of Bangladesh. b) To highlight the benefits of bond market for the parties to the Bond Market. c) To identify the problems that impedes the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. d) To suggest some important policy measures for the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. 3. Scope of the StudyThe inferences of the study would be used for the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. It has covered opinions of 22 financial executives of listed companies on the issues that impede to the development of Bond Market. 4. Methodology of the Study The study has been both theoretical and empirical one. Both primary and secondary data have been used. 1. Collection of Primary Data: The researcher has prepared a questionnaire on the basis of survey of existing literature as well as of discussions made with some executives associated with the stock market. He conducted interview of 22 respondents personally. In this case, the researcher has selected 30 companies from a list of different economically important sectors conveniently, and attempted to conduct interview of 30 financial executives of 30 selected companies. Finally, he successfully has conducted interview of 22 financial executives. The opinions of 22 experts have been captured on five point-likert scales such as 5( Most significant), 4 ( Significant), 3 ( Indifferent), 2( Insignificant) and 1( Most insignificant). . Collection of Secondary Data: The secondary data has been collected from different sources- Annual Reports of Bangladesh Bank, World Bank Reports, published research journals, published books, websites, etc. 3. Analysis of Data: The data thus collected has been tabulated first and then analyzed with the help of different financial, statistical and econometric techniques. The study has used financial ratio, percentage, mean, factor analytical technique etc. for analysis of data and drawing inferences.Factor Analysis: Factor analysis is a method of reducing a large number of variables ( tests, scales, items, persons and so on) to a smaller number of presumed underlying hypothetical entities called factor ( Fruchter, 1967). It tries to simplify and diverse relationship that exist among a set of observed variables by uncovering common dimensions or factors that link together the seemingly unrelated variables and consequently provides insight into the underlying structures of the data( Dillion and Goldstein, 1984). The purpose of factor analysis is mainly two folds: data reduction and substantive interpretation.In the present study, ‘Principal Components Varimax Rotated Method’ of factor analysis has been used in order to identify the factors influencing the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. Principal component factor explains more variance that the loadings obtained from any method of factoring. In order to define the group membership, an algorithm may be used to uncover a structure purely on the basis of the correlation structure of the input variables. Then the number of principal components to be retained in the study has been decided on the basis of Kaiser’s criterion (1958) of Eigen value 1 .Principal components having higher reliability coefficients are more reliable in the sense that the corresponding factors would be replicable in other similar kind of studies. Then Communality, symbolized by h2 are then worked out which show how much of each variable is accounted for by the underlying factors taken together. Then, factor scores have been generated on the basis of weighted average of Principal Factor loadings and average of respective variables included into the concerned group. Ranking of each factor has been made on the basis of scores derived. 5. Organization of the StudyThe Study has been organized into three sections. The first section has covered introduction, objective of the study, scope and methodology of the study. The second section has covered findings of the study- Status of Bangladesh Bond Market, benefits of Bond Market participants, and identification of problems impeding the bond market development of the country. The final chapter deals with the summary of the findings, policy implications and conclusions. 2. 0 Findings and Their Analyses The Study has been undertaken aiming at evaluating the status of Bond Market and tracing the factors influencing the development of Bond Market in Bangladesh. These have been discussed in the following paragraphs: 2. 1 Status of Bond Market in Bangladesh Bond Market is composed of Treasury bond, Municipal Bond and Corporate Bond. This is of two kinds- Organized and OTC markets. There are various types of bond products depending on provisions, maturities, coupon rate, options, convertibility, etc. Bond Market in Bangladesh is dominated by treasury debt securities. It has now only one corporate bond; but does not have any municipal bond/debenture.In recent years, around 70 percent of the domestic savings are held in the form of bank deposits, while only 30 percent are investments in the debt market which is entirely dominated by government instruments. There hardly exists a corporate bond market in the country, it has a debenture market with only a small number f well-known issuers. As of today, only one corporate bond has been floated. 2. 1. 1 Size and Composition of the Bangladesh Market in Comparison with South Asian Countries The size, access, efficiency and stability of the bond market across countries may by used to judge the state of the bond market development in Bangladesh.

Starbucks Structure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks Structure - Case Study Example This paper highlights that Starbucks prides itself in employing people who like the company’s product: coffee. The company does not advertise for servers but for baristas or bar persons. Together with the coffee they love, a barista stays behind the counter. The Starbucks employee is expected to prepare beverages, provide friendly service to customers and come up with ideas to improve operations. An applicant must have at least a high school diploma. He or she must have worked at least six months in the food and beverage industry. He or she must also be outgoing, confident, able to multi-task and enjoy coffee. Because it has expanded globally Starbucks should employ departmentalization by geographic region. This type of departmentalization is appropriate for organizations with different locations. This type allows â€Å"managerial efforts that address territorial differences† as one strategy which had worked for one branch may not be suitable for the other branches in a nother part of the world. As the discussion declares the form should not be changed in stores with lunches and food products. Although departmentalization by product or customer may seem appropriate for these Starbucks stores because food products and lunches are not available in all stores, I think departmentalization by geographic area already provides enough flexibility to the store managers, district managers and vice presidents to make decisions they think would be beneficial for their stores. Taking the example of stores with lunches and food products, the group specific to the Asian region may take note that unlike people in the Western region, their customers prefer having rice or noodles for lunch rather than bread. As such, they should try to cater to this demand rather than go against a culturally staple item.  

Selection of Theme for your Virtual Art Gallery Tour Assignment

Selection of Theme for your Virtual Art Gallery Tour - Assignment Example Young girls may love artworks about pretty flowers and butterflies while their male counterparts may be interested in trees, mountains and horses. Adults may be interested in vast seas, the fields or the universe and other complexities of nature. Nature actually has a wide scope so it is easy to collect materials for any audience. However, for this tour, I choose to have pre-teenagers for my audience ranging from the age of nine to twelve. At this age, the children are already old enough to think critically and share their ideas with their peers and other people. This would be an interesting interaction as I could be able to have another angle of perception through the eyes of my audience. In addition, they are still young enough to be concerned about the reactions of their friends if they speak out their thoughts. This will lead to a more interesting and open sharing of ideas. Since the theme is about nature, one could easily identify with what is being

Competitor Analysis- Mcdonald's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competitor Analysis- Mcdonald's - Research Paper Example It operates correspondingly through a chain of restaurants, company operated and franchised across the world. Michael Porter presented a framework for analyzing competitor. The key aspects that Porter discussed are Competitors objective, Competitors assumptions, Competitors strategy and his Capabilities. In simple terms one should analyze his competitor’s strengths and weaknesses to draft his own strategy. Although both the fast food giants belong to the same family, but have specialization in different nature of products served. McDonald’s are famous for their Hamburgers and other’s in the Burger family, while KFC specializes in fried chicken. Both the corporations have the same geographical reach in the world and strong brand recognition. To its added advantage McDonald’s is listed in the NYSE giving it room for more growth through access to an enormous fund pool (McDonald’s Official Website, 2011; Porter, 2004). Toady due to its rapid expansion M cDonald’s have its presence in 119 countries with an employee base above 400,000 worldwide. KFC on the other hand has similar presence but with an employee base little above 25,000. It may be small in size but has been the most successful fried chicken chain in the world. Due to his excellence in chicken products it has not faced any social issues till date. Chicken is the most consumed protein in the world with none social or religious restrictions placed upon it. KFC has faced certain protests from animal rights groups. McDonald’s has also seen the same from these organisations. On the contrary McDonald’s apart from animal rights organisation have witnessed many social and religious obstacles throughout the world. McDonald’s specializes in Hamburgers, but the fact that it is completely banned in Islam, Muslims across the world refuse to eat it. Therefore the company has limited its product range in the Muslim world. Further McDonald’s has faced i ssues with Hindus especially in India who refuse to eat Meat on religious grounds. This again has forced McDonald’s to cut back its product range. None of these issues have been faced by KFC, and hence it has a steady and strong growth trend across the world (KFC Official Website, 2011). KFC is a private corporation and is not listed as McDonald’s; its financial results are unavailable. Still its magnificent power can be witnessed as it is present in almost similar capacity and has maintained its strength in the Fast Food sector all over the world. Based on McDonald’s capacity to capture such revenues and the pace of its expansion, due to exposure to a massive fund pool being listed at the NYSE, it can be said that McDonald’s have overpowered many Fast Food networks on the planet. It can be advocated that KFC’s policy of slow expansion or its ability to have its corporate presence in many countries without being listed, is in itself a remarkable ac hievement. There is a huge possibility that such policy might change and in a situation of a price war between the giants, KFC has definitely the ability to challenge McDonald’s on all fronts. McDonald’s should show resilience in drafting strategies for corporate expansion; as such moves require a lot of investments. In case of any turbulence in the economic environment or KFC’s idea to get listed materializes, it would ring alarms towards McDonald’s to have in its grip a lot of liquidity so should it be in a price war situation with KFC. As McDonald’

Olympic and paralympic games in london

Olympic and paralympic games in london 1. Introduction On 6th July in Year 2005, London has been selected as the host cit of 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games . The Olympic Games will be held on 27 July 2012, with the Paralympics following from 29 August 2012, (, House of Commons Public Accounts Thirty-Ninth Report) therefore, the organizations which have the provision of a fixed duration of the Olympic Games related. Progress has been made in a number of areas London was chosen to host the Games, in the key projects, re-routing underground Olympic Park, including the power line. (The Report of 2012 London Olympics, 2009) Olympic Delivery Authority has also begun the procurement activities, including the appointment of Delivery Partners, to support the management of Olympic Delivery in venues and infrastructure. (Annual Report and Accounts 2006-2007, Olympic Delivery Authority) 1.1Experiences of Olympic regeneration l The failure of Helliniko Olympic Complex after 2004 There were 22 permanent new venues built for the 2004 game. The rest of the competition venues have been renovated to cater for larger audiences. Only one out of the 33 competing venues was temporary and intended for removal afterward. Helliniko Olympic complex (one of the two Olympic complexes): Six Sporting venues: Kayak, Hockey, Baseball, Softball and two indoor arenas. The complex has been left derelict since 2004. l Successes in Atlanta Before the Olympic, the Centennial Olympic Parks neighbourhood was a run-down as is East London. After the Olympics, the 21-acre park performs a dual mission as: Georgias lasting legacy of the Centennial Olympic Game be located in Stratford, East London, Lower Lea Valley, and houses the main venue of the following: The Olympic Stadium The Aquatics Centre The Hockey Centre The Velopark (Containing Velodrome and BMX Circuit) Four Multi-Sports Areas (in one building) (Construction Projects of the 2012 London Olympics, 2006) (London 2012 Constructing the Olympic reality, Andrew Bolton) 2. Construction Projects For the construction industry, the London Olympic and Paralympic Games Organizing Committee said it would involve a 80,000 seat Olympic stadium, an Aquatics Centre, 4 Multi-Sports Arenas, a Velopark, Hockey Center, as well as numerous training, catering broadcasting development and security facilities. (http://www.colby.edu/personal/t/thtieten/trans-jap.html)With regard to the Olympic Village, the Committee also mentioned that it would consist of approximately 4,000 residential accommodation units, which will be the construction of housing 17000 athletes and officials, the formation of more than 200 nations.(Consrtcution Projects of the 2012 London Olympics,2006) The most important is that these long-term achievements are very wide-ranging and, directly or indirectly related to property, redevelopment and construction activities, sustainability, regeneration and infrastructure.(http://www.constructuk.com,2006) 2.1 Master plan in Construction From the report of Construction Projects of the 2012 London Olympics†, explained, the Olympic Park master plan by the London Development Agency (LAD) and BuroHappold from leading industry consultants including engineers, project managers and architects Huokemeisi Team support to sports, Alies and Morrison, Foreign Office Architects, consulting Faithful and Gould and Mott MacDonald.(Construction Projects of the 2012 London Olympics,2006) The overall plan for research, it is easy to find, the Olympic Games will be held at venues across the country with the main focus on the Olympic Park. The park will be located in Stratford, East London, Lower Lea Valley, and houses the main venue of the following: The Olympic Stadium The Aquatics Centre The Hockey Centre The Velopark (Containing Velodrome and BMX Circuit) Four Multi-Sports Areas (in one building) (Construction Projects of the 2012 London Olympics,2006) (London 2012 Constructing the Olympic reality, Andrew Bolton) 2.2 The Strategy for Sustainable Construction The sustainable construction strategy (http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/transportstrategy/hmtlsustaintranssys?page=2) is a joint industry and Government initiative designed to promote leadership and behavior change, as well as provide the benefit in the construction industry and the overall economy. Its purpose is to achieve sustainable development and construction of a common vision: to provide a clarity business-to-the Governments position, so that a variety of regulations and measures for sustainability; Setting and commitment to higher standards in order to help achieve the specific areas of sustainability; Production industry and the Governments specific commitments to take sustainable construction agenda forward. (The big build: structures Milestones to 27 July 2010, Olympic Delivery Authority, 2009) 3. Transportation By the Sixth Special Report of Session 2006-2007, which belongs to the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Transport concluded that in all of the plans to provide the delivery system acrossed all the model is fully established, they are expected to reach the propose which bellowed: (Transport for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games: The Draft Transport plan: Olympic Delivery Authority Response to the Committees Third Report of Session 2006-2007, the House of Commons, 2007) In order to make the best use of existing transport infrastructure, form improve service levels to achieve the best possible value for the money, and only the establishment of new infrastructure where it is vital and leaves a legacy. The use of cost-effective temporary solution, if necessary, to meet the temporary peaks which demand for the travel of the Olympic Games in the absence of inheritance. If the new infrastructure or services needed for the ODAs strategy is to utilize existing expertise and processes to deliver them. The ODA has been delivered with partners in the UK under a series of agreements and Britains well establishment of transportation industries, offering on behalf of railway projects. Partners include Transport for London (TfL), Network Rail and Docklands Light Railway (DLR), each of the implementation of projects of all transportation experience. This experience has been further strengthened directly related to work into the management of recruiting a lot of experience in ODA transport team. ï ¼Ë†London 2012 Accessible Transport Strategy for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, May 2008ï ¼â€° 3.1 The strategy for Transport And about the strategy of accessible can use: The 2012 Olympic Games will be a catalyst to improve the whole of London and the UKs transport network accessibility. The Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) target for 100% of the spectators access by public transport, cycling or on foot to the Olympic Games. And also make sure the ticket to the Games, including free travel by public transport in London for the activities of the day to encourage the spectators to use the transport system. There will be a 35 km pedestrian and cycle paths, an area of increasing. (These slides refer form London 2012 Accessible Transport Strategy for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games May 2008) 3.11 Docklands Light Railway (DLR) Docklands Light Railway Limited (DLRL) (http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1530.aspx)is the organization; with the railway own assets. In the Department of Transportation as part of its role is to oversee operation of the railway and program development to meet the needs of the east. Form the report of the 2012 Olympics; it mentioned that ODA co-funding early procurement form 22 additional rail cars to 55 of the beginning of the formation of three-cars to run in 2012 (rather than two-cars operators).The new requirements, under-river channel expansion of Woolwich Arsenals official development assistance has made a contribution to the signal and power engineering. The first tunneling drivers southwards to Arsenal station completed in December last year. And also a wide range of infrastructure projects across the DLR; which affect a network of 17 to three-car trains in 2012 (in a 50 per cent of the capacity between Lewisham and the Bank to increase). To guaranteed the ability to Prince Regent Station and Customs House official station development assistance funds to serve the Excel event improvement works. Ensure that City Airport expansion on time and below the budget. Then the new platform of DLR and access in Stratford Regional Station to the service needs of lon g-term growth. ODA is co-financing of the North London Line into the operation of the DLR operation, South and East of Stratford Regional Station, which is in progress. (http://www.communities.gov.uk/thamesgateway/overview/london/lewishamï ¼Å'2009) 3.12 London Underground All Line train lengthening the individual increase of 17 per cent capacity (has been already completed, in January 2006), moving block signals will be installed in order to reduce 25 percent in December 2009 journey time, further enhance capacity. In addition, there are several large background schemes between 2009 and 2012; including all District line trains refurbished fulfill the plan. ï ¼Ë†Transport for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: The Draft Transport plan: Olympic Delivery Authority Response to the Committees Third report of Session 2006-07, the House of Commons, 2007ï ¼â€° 3.13 National Rail Projects In particular, the ODA is essential to stable away from the Stratford Train parking facilities to the west of the Lea Valley railway lines. West Ham station enhances passenger service for mainline commuter station signals increase the capacity of trains per hour stopping. In a wide range of capabilities, more and more on the design and preparation of Stratford Regional Station to start the project site. In addition, there are eight local, regional or national railway projects schemes to improve railway transportation capacity, reliability and travel for all users (http://www.dgp.utoronto.ca/people/modjeska/Cities/lynch.html), the ambience, as well as the Olympic Games provide specific benefits, these include: (1) Enhanced to a higher frequency among the metro style between Richmond and Stratford-service of the North London Line. (http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/transportstrategy/hmtlsustaintranssys?page=2) (2) By the summer of 2010 to extend the delivery and reconstruction of East London Line Highbury and Islington, connect with Stratford (http://www.railwaypeople.com/rail-projects/stratford-city-development-17.html), in the North and Crystal Palace in the south of London. (http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/transportstrategy/hmtlsustaintranssys?page=2)   (3)Between the completion of St Pancras, Stratford International, Ebbsfleet and Paris/Brusseis, it has the high-speed connection. (Transport for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games: The Draft Transport plan: Olympic Delivery Authority Response to the Committees Third Report of Session 2007-2007, the House of Commons, 2007) (http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmtran/484/48404.htm) 4. Community It is clear that regeneration goal: into a new prosperous and sustainable society of the Olympic Park in east London, and as an investment and development opportunities, the success of the catalyst. During the Olympics, in 246 hectares of Olympic Park facilities include permanent and temporary facilities, including the Olympic stadium, the aquatics center and velodrome. There will also be the Olympic Village, media center and new parks, all over the Lea Valley waterways. ï ¼Ë†, 2009ï ¼â€° After the Olympics, the parks sports legacy will be in fulfilling our plans and to participate in communitys traditional elite sports core of the obligations. The focus of activities and its affiliated schools sports facilities will be retained for sports clubs and local communities, as well as the adaptation of elite and amateur athletes. Another 1 million new homes will develop the Olympic Park itself. These 40% will be used for families; a large proportion of affordable housing.They will participate in all of the elements of a good community: schools, libraries, shops, cafes, restaurants, green space and community facilities, to the development of the major cultural and tourist attractions. ï ¼Ë†The budget for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Fourteenth Report of Session 2007-08, Home of Common Community of Public Accountsï ¼â€° Has the improvement of transport services, and many parks are under way, including the Docklands Light Railway extension, an increase of the silver-line capabilities and Stratford Regional Station upgrade.Around the park, people enjoy through the canal Towpath, footpaths and cycle networks, greater access to parks and open spaces. 5. Case study These cases play the significant role for the 2012 London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, which are Lewisham, Stratford, and Canary Warf. 5.1 Lewisham Lewisham as one of the closest geographical neighbors to the host boroughs, Lewisham represents a gateway to the games and the capital. Lewisham town center is the citys major retail area and an important railway hub with mainline, Docklands Light Railway (DLR) and bus interchanges. Lewisham Couil is ready to care the realization of the Gateway scheme focuses on the city center plan of action. The scheme will provide 1,000 new homes, new shopping and improve the environment. (http://www.communities.gov.uk/thamesgateway/overview/london/lewisham/lewishamtown/)(http://www.communities.gov.uk/thamesgateway/overview/london/lewisham, 2009)The Gateway development is the key to eliminate the existing roundabout to make better use of land is currently surrounded by traffic. Rearrange the road at the junction of the railway line; new development opportunities are being created. This will create a well-designed transport interchange, new housing and new employment opportunities; enhance the existing town center links. (http://www.communities.gov.uk/thamesgateway/overview/london/lewisham2009)In the further investment plans of the High Street, this center with regard to the expansion and reconstruction of Valley shopping center and public areas renovated.At the appropriate time, in the Lewis Grove Island and Engate Street redevelopment may occur as soon as possible. Other areas, the planning consent of more than 200 homes each year, including Thurston Road and Venson Sites. 5.2 Stratford This massive development plan will bring nearly 5,000 homes and 30,000 jobs to Stratford, and has obtained outline-planning consent. Newham Councils Development Control and Licensing Committee approve the Stratford City development; will change rundown rail lands as a major shopping and commercial area. () The plan includes 465,000 square meters of offices, about 11,000 people, 150,500 square meters of retail space, up to the 2000 hotel bedrooms in 4,850 new homes. There is also a drop-in in health centers and primary health care center, plus community facilities including an employment bureau and youth facilities. (,2009) There will be a four-form of primary and secondary school, which could for 900 students, a four-classroom nursery and facilities for lifelong learning, plus a large number of public open spaces, games areas and water features facilities. A library, tourist information centers, nurseries, day-care facilities, public services and security offices, offices and civil society groups and religious sites, facilities, facilities are being planned. (http://www.contractjournal.com/constructionspace/photos/olympic-park/olympic-park-projected-view-looking-south-982.aspx, 2009) The application will now be referred to the Mayor of London, Deputy Prime Ministers Office and the Secretary of State for Transport. (http://www.contractjournal.com/constructionspace/photos/olympic-park/olympic-park-projected-view-looking-south-982.aspx, 2009) Also must rise to a legal agreement between all parties in order to reduce environmental and transport network development. Newham accepted as part of the agreement at any time  £150.4 million pounds welfare of the community. The project covers an area of 73 crosses the railway land, has become with the railway industry to reduce redundant. (http://www.contractjournal.com/constructionspace/photos/olympic-park/olympic-park-projected-view-looking-south-982.aspx, 2009) Consultation exercise has been going on between the local planning authorities, statutory undertakers, transport bodies, the major landowners and local communities. Stratford City scheme, including 4500 for the 11,000 inhabitants, 46.5 million square meters of commercial office space and 15 million square meters of the town center, a total of three department stores and 120 shops and cafes. (http://www.contractjournal.com/constructionspace/photos/olympic-park/olympic-park-projected-view-looking-south-982.aspx, 2009) The development surrounds the Startford Channel Tunnel Rail Link international station, which will open in 2007. The proposed of Stratford City will begin construction in 2006, completed in 2009 following the development of the city center and 2020, the stage of completion. This will create a new business area as a gateway to Europe, only 2 hours from Paris to London. The new Stratford International Station will be placed within easy reach of the railway in Europe. (http://www.rao;waypeople.com/rail-projects/stratford-city-development-17.html, 2009) The development will create local employment opportunities for local people, includin g the 15000 construction jobs and up to 30,000 retail and office work. 5.3 Canary Wharf Canary Wharf is home to a high concentration of headquarters and is an established financial services centre rivalling the City.(Preparations for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Risk assessment and management, Thirty-ninth Report of Session 2006-2007, House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts ) Companies, including Barclays Bank, Reuters, Citigroup, HSBC and Morgan Stanley. About 65,000 people work here and the region is expected by 2010, employing 10 million people- including 3,000 employees, to 70,000 volunteers and a lot of contractors. () To the area offer most affordable rates for a number of commercial and industrial property accumulations in London. The A13 and A2 corridors either the River Thames east side of the corridor is more active regions running the new industrial and logistics development. Canary Wharf offers some of the best office space in London. (http://www.telegrapgh.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/london2012/5925603/london-2012-olympic-legacy-company-set-to-create-new-east-london-community.html, 2009) Contrast to the Commerce: from High-Profile, award-winning range of the regions Canary Wharf development in a well-developed environmental technology, manufacturing, R D, logistics and distribution centers of industrial facilities. East London City Airport is designed for business travel. Quick check-in service, management personnel can sit less than 30 minutes after the aircraft left the desk. London International Airport is all within 60 minutes of Canary Wharf. The Jubilee line connects Stratford and Canary Wharfs major railway terminals, while the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) to connect Canary Wharf and other East London City and direct. This station serves the heart of Canary Wharfs financial and media district. It architecturally stuns station, includes over 200 shops, waterside bars and restaurants. (http://www.thinkinglondon.html, 2009) 6. Conclusion As we have known, the Olympics take more effects to London, to UK. However, from another side, whether we think about the slides below: The movement of middle class families into urban areas causing property values to rise and having the secondary effect of driving out poorer families The Docklands regeneration was criticized for reinforcing the social divide between rich and poor With 30% post-games housing being affordable to low income families, there will be an imbalance of rich and poor in the society Will the area revert to poverty or gentrify? Maybe above all the slides told that everything has two sides, good and bad. At present, from this research project, it proved that most of the direction of Government doing were advantage, those will bring more effects to people, although bring some Negative aspects. They are unprecedented for a development of this nature.